Whiteness, And White Privilege - 1682 Words

‘Whiteness’ is a socially constructed category of race, where people who are not ‘white’ are racially designated while ‘whites’ escape designation as if their racial category is not historically and ideologically based (Puzan, 2003). Race is socially constructed (Dyer, 1997) and it is important to acknowledge this in order to address its impact. Unless whiteness is labelled and confronted, being ‘white’ is usually considered the ‘norm’ which acquires certain social privileges, while all other socially-constructed categories of ‘race’ are considered different or, as Puzan (2003) terms it, the ‘racialised Other’. Labelling ‘whiteness’ and white privilege and recognising how it has been institutionalised allows people to look beyond it to see how it has defined knowledge, membership and language in our society, as well as the way it makes and enforces the rules and regulations of life in our society. This allows the implicit standards against which people are measured to be revealed (Puzan, 2003). According to Puzan (2003), some whites make a conscious choice to raise their own awareness of skin privilege, but this is not considered obligatory by most whites and is not addressed through legal and social measures in the same way as the more-familiar ‘racism’ that is known by that label. RACISM AND WHITE PRIVILEGE IN NURSING White privilege embraces the behaviours, values, beliefs and practices of the dominant white culture (Puzan, 2003). There are often unnoticed advantagesShow MoreRelatedThe Inequality That Black Students Experience1330 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Black and White achievement gap must be viewed through other lenses opposed to the single view of Black students cannot perform as well as White students. Venzant-Chambers (2009) offered other avenues by which to examine the achievement gap such as school tracking, examining the experiences of students of color, and the school system as a whole and its approach to Black students (p. 417). Racism in the Classroom Unintentional Bias Colorblindness. Within education, many White female novice teachersRead MoreThe Readings White Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Knapsack, By Peggy Mcintosh, White Women, Race Matters1425 Words   |  6 Pagesreadings White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, by Peggy McIntosh, White Women, Race Matters by Ruth Frankenberg and Representing Whiteness in the Black Imagination, by bell hooks, all cover the issue of whiteness from different perspectives. There are many aspects of whiteness; in this essay, I will argue that the two most important features are the absence of knowledge of the issue on the part of white people and stereotype consequences. A key point in racism is whiteness, and withoutRead MoreWhite Privilege : Unpacking The Invisible Backpack891 Words   |  4 PagesPrivilege is often seen as special rights granted to individuals either on behalf of merit or through unwarranted means. In their writings, Johnson (privilege, oppression, and difference) and Peg gy McIntosh (White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Backpack) discuss their views on the impact that privileging specific social groups has on society. The concept of whiteness in America is often overlooked or unaffiliated with discussions concerning racial dilemmas. Whiteness and white privilege perpetuatesRead MoreGender, Racial, Sexuality, Race, And Class ( 11 )975 Words   |  4 Pageswhile whiteness embodies superiority. Hooks argues that stereotypes; however inaccurate, are one form of representation for a desired category and project a myth of sameness (341). Stereotypes perpetuate a single story thus excluding any opportunity for unique difference. Categorizations are a fantasy of whiteness that validates the dominant status quo. White supremacists demonstrate an inability to comprehend reason by projecting their inadequacies onto the Other. hooks does not claim white peopleRead MoreAn Ideological Exploration Of Macklemore s Racial Redemption As A Musical Genre And Cultu ral Movement964 Words   |  4 Pagesthat are often ignored. As musical genres, Hip Hop and Rap create a space of situated knowledge and reveal the underlying dominant hegemonic ideologies within society. Whiteness as the modus operandi becomes a central place of questioning that music and specifically Hip Hop and Rap help put into question. Questioning of Whiteness through these genres of music help reveal the co-constitutive nature of music and ideology. My goals within this paper are not an attempt to explore musicality or the powerRead MoreThe Black Imagination By Bell Hooks954 Words   |  4 PagesRepresenting Whiteness in the Black Imagination (1992). ‘bell hooks’ is written in lower case to convey that the substance of her work reigns more important than the writer. From a marginalized perspective, hooks argues that sites of dominance, not otherness is problematic and critiques the lack of attention that white scholars pay to the representation of whiteness in the black imagination. Critical feminist scholars Peggy McIntosh and Ruth Frankenberg identify their own whiteness as a dominantRead MoreCultural Marxist George Lipsitz In The Possessive Investment1698 Word s   |  7 Pagesin The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics consolidates both the structural theory of institutional racism and the political cultural ideology and conception of racism history in the context of political changes in the Untied States. Lipsitz is not the first historian to analyze critical racism theory, but he is the first to extend the analysis into the late twentieth century. Traditional historiographies of whiteness in the United States emphasize theRead MoreThe Social Construction of Whiteness and Race in America1700 Words   |  7 Pagesof Whiteness and Race in America A comment was made in a blog post early on in the year about whiteness in American that bugged me. It’s a topic that came up a few times throughout the semester in and outside of class. Granted, this topic is based on a single blog post but a collection of comment and statements that were made on specific blogs and during class sessions. This topic I fin extremely important mainly because I felt as though there was some confusion around the topic being white. UnderstandablyRead MoreThe Heart of Whiteness- Analysis Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesThe Heart of Whiteness Confronting Race, Racism, and White Privilege Robert Jenson Comm-365-X01 October 5, 2011 Joshua J. Shepherd I. Introduction: In this paper, I will be reviewing Robert Jensen’s â€Å"The Heart of Whiteness. Confronting Race, Racism, and White privilege†, along with developing a critical analysis of this work. I will be comparing my analysis with the opinions of others that have reviewed this book along with utilizing concepts from James W. Neulieps textbook, InterculturalRead MoreWhiteness Of A Different Color1363 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Frye Jacobson’s Whiteness of a Different Color offers innovative insight into the concept of â€Å"race† and the evolution of â€Å"whiteness† throughout American history. Jacobson focuses his analysis on the instability of racial identification over time and how race has been created and perceived throughout different stages of history. He states in his introduction that â€Å"one of the tasks before the historian is to discover which racial categories are useful to whom at a given moment, and why† (p

Essay about Robert Gray Poetry - 773 Words

Born in 1945, Robert Gray is an Australian poet renowned for his imagistic style, drawing strength from his fastidious concern for the precision of language and a meticulous contemplation of physical existence. Gray’s works are unconventional in structure, and prevalent throughout his poems are the recurring themes of humanism, consumerism and naturalism, peppered with allusions to personal experiences. Gray’s thematic concerns arise from his personal context, alongside his love of the Australian environment, â€Å"My poetry is very physically located† and his Buddhist ideals which influence his literary style. Gray’s thematic concerns and themes are manifest in all of his poems, demonstrating copious readings, including psychoanalysis and†¦show more content†¦A post-modern reading explores intertextuality, where the philosopher Heidegger inspires Gray, through the description of his mother as â€Å"very warm† and as â€Å"extending careâ € , expressing Gray’s affection towards his mother. Gray’s father is criticised repeatedly throughout the poem, demonstrating his influence on Gray’s life. Anthropomorphism and sensual imagery are utilised by Gray to criticise his father, â€Å"a small lizard, dragged through her lips,† symbolising, through psychoanalysis, â€Å"that bitterness† in Gray’s mothers life. The anthropomorphism as a â€Å"bull,† criticises him for being selfish. Vivid imagery helps encapsulate a macabre description of his â€Å"hopelessly melancholic† father, portraying him as â€Å"thin lips, on the long boned face,† painting a sympathetic portrait of his father: â€Å"we are all pathetic.† The two-tiered structure of the poem allows Gray’s mother to be juxtaposed to his father, â€Å"a university man†, but also manifests a feminist reading making discernible women being marginalised in society. Gray’s naturalistic ideals are depicted through the personification of imagery , â€Å"up in those hills†, and â€Å"the sun standing amongst high timber†, displaying the peacefulness of nature. â€Å"The Meatworks† satirically represents Gray’s thematic concern of humanism and naturalism, in relation to the sadistic description of a North Coast slaughterhouse. Gray’s naturalistic and Buddhist idealsShow MoreRelatedJourneys Essay with Robert Gray Poetry and Related Material1443 Words   |  6 Pagesthis conflicting knowledge and return to his prior self at the conclusion of his journey. These themes are explored in Robert Gray’s poems Flame and Dangling Wire and Arrivals and Departures, an excerpt from Ahmad Faqih’s short story Gardens of the Night, and a photograph by Robert F. Sisson depicting Native Americans staring into a car at a white man. The travelers in Robert Gray’s poems Flame and Dangling Wire, and Arrivals and Departures undergo negative experiences that, although constituteRead MoreEssay on Robert Gray684 Words   |  3 PagesRobert Gray is an Australian poet whose work is closely linked with nature. He grew up in the post ww11 era, and lives on the north coast. The poems ‘The Meatworks’, and ‘Flames and Dangling Wire’, express how he feels about life, his experiences and his beliefs. His poetry has such an enduring nature because it can be understood in so many different contexts, and includes universal themes which remain relevant to societies past, present and future. In ‘The meatworks’ Gray presents a vivid andRead MoreRobert Gray Poem- Old House and Late Ferry848 Words   |  4 Pagesused to Capture Human Experiences; `In Robert GrayÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s poems, he uses language to capture human experiences. In two of his poems; old house and late ferry, gray has effectively captured human experiences by his varies poetic languages and through insight and feeling. Throughout both texts late ferry and old house, grayÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s main message in the poems, with his critical analysis, is the destruction of nature by mankind. In old house, gray has captured the human experience of the processRead MoreFrances E. W. Harper and James Whitfield1492 Words   |  6 PagesFrances E.W. Harper and James Whitfield are two of the most influential anti-slavery poets of all time. Both individuals use poetry as a form of resistance and as a way to express themselves during a time of great racial tension. Their poems reach out to many different audiences, shedding light on racial injustices that were present in America. Harper’s and Whitfield’s poetry, like many other works that were written during this time, help us to better comprehend the effects of slavery on African AmericansRead MoreWilliam Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757 to James and Catherine Blake. His father,1600 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757 to James and Catherine Blake. His father, James was a hosier (seller of legwear) in London. Blake had four brothers, James, John, Richard and Robe rt; and a sister named Catherine (Harris 5). Blake got along best with his younger brother, Robert as they shared an interest in art (Clarke 1). As a young boy, Blake claimed to have had visions of God, spirits, prophets and angels. When he was four he is claimed to have seen God’s head in his windowRead MoreThe Influences of Oscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian Gray1582 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced him and into college some of his professors and certain philosophers left a substantial impression upon him. Into adulthood these influences leaked out in his writing. These influences gave him ample ideas for writing The Picture of Dorian Gray. Wildes study of the Hellenistic ideals of Epicurus, his coddled lifestyle as a child and his devotion to the movement of Aesthetics and Moral Ambiguity have produced one of the most astounding works of horror fiction. Oscar Wilde more effeminateRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Oranges And Small Town With One Road 1372 Words   |  6 PagesPoetry is a creative art expressed through words and created through passion, prior experience and multiple outer influences. Gary Soto is a famous poet who blossomed in the late 20th century. Soto used different variations of poetry tools to create expressive poems based on his own life experience. While Soto wrote many different poems, the poems â€Å"Oranges† and â€Å"Small Town With One Road† stand out and can be deeply analyzed. Both poems are strongly emphasized with his past experiences in life. GaryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem My August Guest By Robert Frost Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesdistinct poems, written by different authors. The emphasis will be on the physical elements, or structure of the poetry, less on the meaning. In the first poem â€Å"My November Guest† by Robert Frost, we will discuss the formal analysis, which includes the style, metre, rhyme, figurative language, etc. In the second poem â€Å"You Called Me Corazon† we will discuss the formal analysis as well. In Robert Frost’s â€Å"My November Guest†, the first thing you will notice about the poem is that it consists of four stanzasRead MoreMeeting at Night Intrinsic Analysis3154 Words   |  13 Pages 1.1 Background of the Study Poetry is an expression of the writer and expressed in to the sentences that have many meaning and sometimes the words did not have real meaning. Analyzing poetry is an activity that we are concerned with explaining the methods and techniques of taking poem apart in order to arrive at a greater understanding of both its construction and each meaning. In this paper, the writers will analyze the poem of Robert Browning titled MEETING AT NIGHT. 1Read More Comparing Symbols and Symbolism in Blue Hotel, Black Cat, Night, Alfred Prufrock, Red Wheelbarrow1620 Words   |  7 PagesStephen Crane, The Black Cat of Edgar Allan Poe, Night by William Blake, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot, and The Red Wheelbarrow by William Carlos Williams encompass examples of color symbolism from both the prose and the poetry of literature. When drawing from various modes of psychology, interpretations of various colors, with emphasis to dream psychology, an analysis of the colors themselves and then their applications to literature can be readily addressed.

Hofstede’s Model Of Organisational Culture Free Essays

ABSTRACT Organizational culture has become the buzzword in popular management with many experts suggesting it as an important determinant for organizational success. Management researchers have been quick to point out the impact that organizational culture may have on the effectiveness of the organization and have called for an increase in the attention paid to organizational culture. With more emphasis being placed on organizational culture, it becomes important to understand the appeal of this concept and examine its impact on management within the organization This paper thus explores on the concept of â€Å"organizational culture† and examines its impact on behaviours and management of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Hofstede’s Model Of Organisational Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will involve identifying one associated mode or theory and evaluating or determining the extent to which the chosen model plays a part in defining the style of management. A case study of Sony Ericsson will also be employed to help illustrate the application of hofstede’s model of organizational culture. The study will also identify limitations of this model and the strengths that have enabled it to be used as a basis for most research analyses. INTRODUCTION Organizational culture has become the buzzword in popular management with many experts suggesting it as an important determinant for organizational success (Schein 1999). While the association between organizational culture and organizational success is far from certain, it is obvious that each organization has its own unique social structure which drives much of the individual behavior within that organization. Management researchers have been quick to point out the impact that organizational culture may have on the effectiveness of the organization and have called for an increase in the attention paid to organizational culture (Siehl Martin 1998). With more emphasis being placed on organizational culture, it is important to understand the appeal of this concept and examine its impact on management within the organization. This study thus explores on the concept of organizational culture and examines its impact on management style. This will involve identifying one associated mode or theory and evaluating or determining the extent to which the chosen model plays a part in defining the style of management. In this regard, Hofstede’s ideas will form the basis of our analysis of organizational culture. WHAT IS..â€Å"CULTURE†? The term culture has been given varied set of definitions by various scholars. Kroeber Kluckholn (1952), for example, defined culture as consisting of patterns of behaviour acquired and transmitted through symbols, and which constitute distinctive achievement of human groups including their embodiment in artifacts. Hofstede (1980), on the other hand, defined culture as the collective programming of the mind which differentiates members of one human group in the society from the rest. While Symington (1983) defined it as a complex whole which include belief, knowledge, morals, art, customs, capabilities and habits acquired in the society. These definitions suggest culture to consist of a set of value systems that are shared equally by members in the society and which binds people together. With the above conceptualization of culture, we can now define what we mean by organizational culture. ORGANIZAITONAL CULTURE Organizational culture can simply be defined as a set of values, assumptions and beliefs that define the behaviours and style of management in an organization (O’Reilly et.al, 1991). There are three main sources of influence believed to interact to create organizational culture. These are the beliefs and values held by the leaders of the organization, the characteristics of the industry in which the organization is within, and the broader society in which the organization operates (O’Reilly et.al, 1991). The most influential model used by management researchers and which has formed the basis of most analyses of organizational culture is Hofstede’s model. While most noted for his groundbreaking work on dimensions of national culture, Hofstede also identified six dimensions of organizational culture which can be used in defining the style of management in an organization. Process oriented vs goal oriented The process oriented vs result oriented dimension is concerned with the effectiveness of the organization. A key feature of a process oriented culture is the means or rather the way in which work has to be conducted. While in a result oriented culture, emphasis is placed on the goals of the organization. That is, employees are primarily out to achieve specific organizational goals even if the risks involved are substantial (Hofstede 2001). Parochial vs professional This dimension reflects the internal and external frame of the organization (Hofstede 2001). In a local culture the identity of the employees is with the immediate manager. Hence employees within this culture are internally focused and directed and there is also a strong social control. The converse is true in a professional culture where the identity of the employees is largely determined by the profession and content of the job. Open system vs closed system The open system vs closed system dimension reflects the communication climate of the organization (Hofstede 2001). For an open system, new employees are welcomed and there is the belief that everyone fits well in the organization. While for a closed system, it is difficult to join and it is believed that only a certain kind of individuals may fit in the organization. Employee oriented vs job oriented This dimension relates to the management philosophy in the organization. In an employee oriented organizational culture, concern is mainly on employee satisfaction. The staff members feel that their own personal problems and welfare is taken into account by the organization. While for a job oriented organizational culture, work is characterized by heavy pressure to perform the specific task at the expense of the employee (Hofstede 2001). Tighter control vs loose control This dimension relates to structuring, control and discipline in the organization. A tight control culture is characterized by seriousness and punctuality while the features of a loose control culture are casual and improvisation (Hofstede 2001). Examples of organizations that are often found within tighter controls are banks and pharmaceutical companies while those found in loose control are research laboratories and advertising agencies (Hofstede 2001). Normative vs pragmatic This dimension reflects on the methods employed by organizations when dealing with the environment in general and customers in particular. It describes the level of â€Å"customer oreintation†. Pragmatic cultures are flexible and more market driven while normative cultures are rigid and often emphasize on following applicable laws and rules (Hofstede 2001). Hofstede labeled organizations involved in the sale of services as pragmatic while those engaged in application of laws and rules as normative. CRITICISMS OF HOFSTEDE’S MODEL Hofstede’s ground breaking work on culture has indeed provided valuable insights into the management styles and dynamics of cross cultural relationships. However, his highly influential findings have not been without criticisms. A number of academics have discredited his work in part or whole. Critics have argued that survey was not an important instrument that could be used in accurately determining and measuring the culture of organizations (Jones 2007). A survey of a set of limited questions certainly cannot adequately and comprehensively provide an in-depth understanding of culture of an organization. In response to this criticism, Hofstede argued that survey was one method and certainly not the only method that was used. Hofstede’s model has also been criticized on the basis that the five or six dimensions did not provide sufficient information about cultural differences (Jones 2007). In this regard, Hofstede agreed that his analysis was too narrow to credibly argue for the universal validity and sufficiency of the six dimensions of organizational culture that he identified. And in fact, suggested for additional dimensions to his original work. He also noted that some of the six dimensions that he identified may be less useful when analyzing other types of organizations in other countries (Jones 2007). A third criticism is that Hofstede’s work is seen as outdated, especially with the rapid changes in the global environment (Jones 2007). This critique has further been put forward by Holden (2002) who points out that the data used by Hofstede in his dimensions of organizational culture seem to have been gathered over 30 years ago and is therefore no longer applicable to the modern day world. In response to this criticism, Hofstede (1998) pointed out that a number of recent replications had confirmed his findings. Hofstede’s model is also criticized on grounds of his one company approach. Hofstede’s analysis supposed that a single IBM organizational culture could be used to make inferences about the entire world wide organizational cultures (Jones 2007). A study fixated on one company certainly cannot be used to make inferences about the entire world wide organizational cultures. The validity of his dimensions of organizational culture has thus been questioned and his model considered to be non-comprehensive as the study was based on data collected from a single company using questionnaires that lacked academic foundation. Critics have also argued that Hofstede failed to recognize the diversity in his analysis of IBM culture (Jones 2007). He ignored extensive literature which suggested that there were multiple, dissenting and emergent cultures in an organization. If we are to ignore the assumption of a single culture in IBM and acknowledge the diversity in culture at IBM, then his analysis is likely to collapse. After years of publication of his analysis on organizational culture based on the IBM survey data, Hofstede begun to acknowledge the presence of cultural diversity within and between units in the same organization. However, despite recognizing flaws in his work, Hofstede fails to admit error or weakness in his analysis. Accepting that organizations had multiple cultures as opposed to his assumption of a single culture would seem to undermine a crucial part of his analysis. ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF HOFSTEDE’S MODEL Despite these criticisms, Hofstedes work is widely acknowledged and used by many scholars and practictioners due to its mainly appealing attributes. Sondergaard (1994) noted that hofstede’s analysis on corporate culture received 1,036 citations in comparison with another highly regarded study by Miles Snow (1978) which only received 200 citations. Moreover, a number of researchers have replicated Hofstede’s study including Trompenaars Hampden-Turner (1997). Some of the strengths that have enabled it to be used as the basis of most research analyses include: Relevance: – Hofstede’s discoveries came at a time when there was very little known about culture and businesses were just globalizing and were in need of advice (Jones 2007). Hofstede’s framework exceeded this demand and became widely accepted by many scholars and practitioners. His work offered guidance to managers who were expanding their businesses as cultures were clashing and creating difficulties (Jones 2007). Rigour – Hofstede model is based on a rigorous research design with systematic data and is built on a coherent theory (Jones 2007). Simplicity: – Knudsen Loloma (2007) argues that hofstede’s model has remained influential and successful due to its simplicity of appliance. His analysis of culture offered a simple way of understanding organizational culture. The six dimensions that define organizational culture put forth by Hofstede made it easier for managers and researchers to understand corporate culture without the need of expert knowledge. Relative accuracy: – strength of Hofstede’s model is also reflected in its level of accuracy. Majority of the replications conducted by other researchers have confirmed Hofstede’s findings. Four replications have concurred fully with Hofstede’s findings while fifteen showed partial confirmation (Jones 2007). Moreover, Hofstede’s framework has become very influential in management studies and is most widely cited in social sciences. His work remains instrumental in the implementation of various business systems in organizations including entrepreneurial behaviour, workgroup performance and dynamics, leadership styles, participative management and management control systems among many others (Jones 2007). A CASE STUDY OF SONY ERICSSON In order to explore on the extent to which hofstede model plays a part in defining management style, we will conduct a case study of Sony Ericsson, a joint venture between Sony and Ericsson. Sony Ericsson has its headquarters and all of its management based in the UK. The firm aims at becoming the most innovative and attractive mobile brand globally (Cooper Ross 2007). ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN SONY ERICSSON Organizational culture has long been acknowledged as an important factor for driving behaviour, decision making and shaping management style at Sony Ericsson. With regard to the rules and procedures, Sony Ericson follows a certain procedure laid down by the firm (Cooper Ross 2007). While it is not a requirement for employees to follow strict dress code and office timings, it is mandatory for employees at Sony Ericsson to abide by the business ethics and code of conduct (Cooper Ross 2007). Since the firm does not follow a strict dress code and office timings, it can be concluded that the organization employs a loose control culture. With regard to employee evaluation and performance, the staffs at Sony Ericsson are not differentiated on their individual performance and are allowed to participate in decision making except at the higher level which requires the executive management team only (Cooper Ross 2007). Sony Ericsson’s corporate culture is also more employee oriented with managers more concerned on the welfare and employee satisfaction. Sony Ericson’s organizational culture is also very professional as employees are subjected to scrutiny checks prior to their appointment to ensure that individuals hired are competent and have a certain level of experience deemed necessary for the position (Tayeb 2001). With regard to normative and pragmatic approach, the firm is seen in between, as its organizational culture is both normative and pragmatic oriented. While Sony Ericsson focuses on meeting customer and market needs, the firm also adheres to certain rules and guidelines in meeting these needs (Tayeb 2001). Clearly, Hofstede’s model plays a significant part in defining the management style and organizational behaviour at Sony Ericsson. CONCLUSION There is no doubt that Hofstede’s model is one of the most widely acknowledged and used piece of research. His ground breaking work on culture has indeed provided valuable insights into the management styles and dynamics of cross cultural relationships as evident in Sony Ericsson. A number of academics have however discredited his work in part or whole. Although Hofstede’s work on culture has been heavily criticized on grounds of his one company approach, survey methodological approach, and for fewer dimensions and his assumption of a single organizational culture; majority of his findings have had remarkable effect on practitioners and researchers and continue to guide multi-national practitioners into the â€Å"global† future. While there is a high level of controversy in his analysis of culture, there is no doubt that his study is one of the most influential in the analysis of organizational culture. REFERENCE Hofstede, G., 2001. Culture’s consequences. 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications Hofstede, G., 1998. â€Å"Attitudes, Values and Organizational Culture: Disentangling the concepts.† Organization Studies 19(3): 477. Hofstede, G., 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., and G. Sanders, 1990. â€Å"Measuring Organizational Cultures: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study across Twenty Cases†. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2), 286-316. Holden, N., 2002. Cross-Cultural Management – A Knowledge Management Perspective. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Jones, M.L., 2007. Hofstede – culturally questionableOxford, UK. Kroeber, A. L. and C. Kluckhohn, 1952. Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press Knudsen Loloma, 2007. The consequences of â€Å"culture’s consequences†. A critical approach to culture as collective programming applied to cross-cultural crews. Journal of Maritime Affairs. Vol . 8 (2), pp.105 -121 Miles, R and C. Snow, 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. O’Reilly, C., Chatman, J., and D. Caldwell, 1991. â€Å"People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit†. Academy of Management Journal, 34:487-516. Rose, R., 2008. Organizational culture as a root of performance improvement: research and recommendations. Contemporary management research. Vol.4, p. 43-46 Schein, E., 1999. The corporate culture survival guide. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Schwartz, S.H., 1994. â€Å"Beyond individualism/collectivism†. In: Kim, U., Triandis, H.C. et al. (eds) Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications: Vol. 18, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Siehl, C. J. Martin, 1998. â€Å"Measuring Organizational Culture: Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods†. In: Jones, M.O, et al. (eds), Inside Organizations: Understanding the Human Dimension, Newbury Park, CA, Sage Publications, pp.79-103. Sinha, 2000. Patterns of work culture. Sage publications Sondergaard, M., 1994. â€Å"Hofstede’s consequences: A study of reviews, citations and replications.† Organization Studies 15(3): 447. Symington, J. W., 1983. Learn Latin America’s Culture. New York Times. Tayeb, M. H., 2001. International Business Partnership. New York: Palgrave. Trompenaars, F. and C. Hampden-Turner, 1997. Riding the waves of culture: understanding cultural diversity in business. London, Nicholas Brearley. How to cite Hofstede’s Model Of Organisational Culture, Essay examples

Advanced Practice Nursing- Delirium in Adult Hospitalized Patients

Question: Discuss about the Advanced Practice Nursing- Delirium in Adult Hospitalized Patients. Answer: Story about acute onset delirium in critically ill-hospitalized ICU patient This story is involved with a patient named John Simons who is suffering from dementia and has been admitted to the ICU two weeks ago. He stays with his wife and a son who is married and lives in the other city (Lee et al., 2013). The patient was known already to the societal services with a package of care already in position, so the doctors thought that the procedure of discharging the patient would be uncomplicated. The initial interdisciplinary meeting was arranged without informing his wife or son. When his son insisted the doctors and the other staff of the hospital to rearrange the meeting, they agreed for the same. After that the care of patient started in a proper way (Barr et al., 2013). The patient cannot be left unsupervised because he was not able to do anything by his own and the family had a feeling that he needs a high quality of care. He had a risk of dehydration, malnutrition and was prone to persistent infections. The doctors were not able to arrive at a conclusion regarding whether John was permitted to continuing healthcare and what is the best form of treatment for him. Then began the next battle, in which the care package of the patient had to be arranged by means of the team of social services of the hospital that meant that the patient could no longer be provided with the care, which he had been using since two years. The patient had the same carer who used to take care of him since two years. She had become familiar with the patient (Ryan et al., 2013). The community nursing team made a last attempt to obtain to get continuing funding for healthcare for the patient and he died before they turned him down. The family members of the patient said that the team of community nursing visited him one in a day to change the pump and the day sitter for the last two days was the health involvement to the care of the patient. The question in front of us is that why an individual at the last part of his/her life have to pay his/her own expenses for dying at residence (Fick et al., 2013). Best Practice Guideline (BPG) The development of this best practice guideline addresses the questions how to deal with the patients who are above 65 years and are critically ill as well as hospitalized in the ICU (Intensive Care Unit). This guideline focuses on the following: Recommendations for practice: The nurses are directed to guide practice concerning the strategies for caregiving for the older adults with delirium Educational recommendations: focused on the organizations and educational institutions in which the nurses work in order to support its execution Policy and organization recommendations: focused at the settings of practice and the environment to smooth the progress of nursing practices Indicators of monitoring and evaluation (Ward, 2015). It is recognized that the individual capabilities of the nurses differs between the nurses and across the nursing professionals categories and are based the critical analysis, knowledge, attitudes, skills and decision-making ability which are improved eventually by education and experience (Salluh et al., 2015). Since the strategies associated with the care for delirium are based on accurate assessments of screening of all these conditions, the panel of development for this guideline recommends the execution and accomplishment of this guideline in combination with the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario, best practice guideline entitled screening for delirium in the older adults. In spite of the high occurrence and unconstructive outcomes, delirium=m in the ICU is not detected and therefore remains untreated in the patient scores. For several years, delirium has been considered as a benign problem by the teams of medical and critical care nursing (Khan et al., 2012). A delirium goes undetected by the doctors as well as the nurses in more than 68% of the patients in the ICU due to the absence of a validated tool. This guideline underlines the necessity for the organized utilization of the standardized tools for assessment, which is in collaboration with the recommendations from the national and the internal guidelines. These tools are essential for the detection of delirium that might otherwise are not detected and therefore untreated. Two tools with robust dependability and validity are the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) and Confusion Assessment method (CAM) for the ICU. Both of these tools have a high accurateness and constructive compliance and needs minimal education (Inouye et al., 2014). References Barr, J., Fraser, G. L., Puntillo, K., Ely, E. W., Glinas, C., Dasta, J. F., ... Coursin, D. B. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit.Critical care medicine,41(1), 263-306. Fick, D. M., Steis, M. R., Waller, J. L., Inouye, S. K. (2013). Delirium superimposed on dementia is associated with prolonged length of stay and poor outcomes in hospitalized older adults.Journal of hospital medicine,8(9), 500-505. Inouye, S. K., Westendorp, R. G., Saczynski, J. S. (2014). Delirium in elderly people.The Lancet,383(9920), 911-922. Khan, B. A., Zawahiri, M., Campbell, N. L., Fox, G. C., Weinstein, E. J., Nazir, A., ... Boustani, M. A. (2012). Delirium in hospitalized patients: implications of current evidence on clinical practice and future avenues for researcha systematic evidence review.Journal of hospital medicine,7(7), 580-589. Lee, E. A., Gibbs, N. E., Fahey, L., Whiffen, T. L. (2013). Making hospitals safer for older adults: updating quality metrics by understanding hospital-acquired delirium and its link to falls.The Permanente Journal,17(4), 32. Ryan, D. J., O'Regan, N. A., Caoimh, R. ., Clare, J., O'Connor, M., Leonard, M., ... Meagher, D. (2013). Delirium in an adult acute hospital population: predictors, prevalence and detection.BMJ open,3(1), e001772. Salluh, J. I., Wang, H., Schneider, E. B., Nagaraja, N., Yenokyan, G., Damluji, A., ... Stevens, R. D. (2015). Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.bmj,350, h2538. Ward, C. W. (2015). A decision tree model for postoperative pain management.Urologic nursing,35(5), 251-257.