Period Of Absolutism Essay

Was absolutism a period of prosperity or tyranny in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries? Anyone could answer based on opinion. Many successful events happened that had helped all the kings become better rulers with strong armies and a strong nation. There were many deaths that made people call this period of time a time of tyranny instead of prosperity. Many kings were considered obsessed with themselves or ego centered, but they improved their nations by adding roads. Although, in my opinion this period of time was a time of tyranny simply because of how the kings ruled the deaths caused by them and the way the government ran. During the 16 ­17th century all the kings that had ruled, ruled in their own type of style. Although if one were to look back to Machiavelli’s book, The Prince, they would notice how most of the rulers had ruled by following the guidelines from his book. Though, some of these rules and guidelines made the kings seem selfish. Machiavelli had said in his book how a ruler should be feared but not hated because if the kings seemed to friendly, then he wouldn’t be taken seriously. â€Å"Kings James I of england for example felt that kings should be treated like gods†(Doc 2). He felt that the government should’ve been ruled with more divine power. He felt like the only way he could be respected was to be treated like a God.

Socio Economic Impacts On Sub Saharan Africa

The exposure to climate alteration is considered to be high in developing states due to societal, economic and environmental conditions that amplify susceptibleness to negative impacts and lend to low capacity to get by with and accommodate to climate jeopardies. In add-on, projected impacts of clime alteration by and large are more inauspicious for low latitudes, where most underdeveloped states are located, than for higher latitudes. The developing states face many challenges – poorness, a high disease load, rapid population growing, nutrient insecurity, and limited H2O entree. Climate alteration is likely to drive the bulk of the population into destitution, as assets are lost and resources are diverted to cover with exigencies, alternatively of being used for development. Historically, the Earth has experienced periods of chilling and heating, with average temperatures staying comparatively stable. These alterations were due to the energy balance between land, sea and ambi ance. However, human activities such as firing fossil fuels and deforestation have contributed to the addition in nursery gases ( GHG ) in the ambiance. These trap much of the heat that would otherwise flight from the Earth, taking to a by and large warmer universe. An agricultural enlargement seems improbable and increases in agricultural productiveness are needed in order to avoid extra people being forced into poorness and hungriness ( Cline 2007 ) . Current clime jeopardies and the impacts of jutting clime alteration endanger human development ( African Development Bank et Al, 2003 ) . Climate is linked to all the Millennium Development Goals, but is most straight relevant to the ends to eliminate utmost poorness and hungriness, cut down kid mortality, combat disease, and guarantee environmental sustainability ( Martin-Hurtado et Al, 2002 ) . Agriculture, which is extremely sensitive to climate and which is projected to be negatively impacted by clime alteration in much of the Torrid Zones and sub-tropics, is the direct or indirect beginning of support for about two-thirds of the population of developing states and is a significant subscriber to their national incomes. About 70 % of the universe ‘s hapless unrecorded in rural countries. Management of clime jeopardies and clime alteration impacts in the agribusiness sector and rural communities will be critical for success. Climate alteration threatens the basic elements of life for people around the universe – entree to H2O, nutrient, wellness, and usage of land and the environment. The exposure of people to nutrient insecurity, which accompanies poorness, is increased due to the debasement of the natural environment and the merchandises ( e.g. fruits, fish, H2O and range-fed farm animal ) and services ( e.g. modulating clime ) that it provides ( Biggs et. al. , 2004 ) . Degradation is due to a figure of tendencies including clime alteration, dirt eroding, the transition of ecosystems into croplands, overgrazing and urban enlargement, among other factors ( Biggs et. al. , 2004 ) . Climate alteration poses a serious menace to ecosystems in the development states in both the medium and long term. Increases in temperature will take, non merely to an addition in the frequence of utmost events, but besides to terrible debasement of biodiversity and the loss of H2O resources that are already scarce ( Biggs et. al. , 2004 ) . Sub-Saharan Africa is the part most vulnerable to the impacts of alteration because of widespread poorness and low degrees of proficient development which limits version capablenesss. There is considerable grounds that clime alteration is already impacting Africa ‘s people and its environment to the greater extend than any other part of the universe in footings of their supports ( Lindsay, et al 2009 ) . The impacts of clime alteration are predicted to impact the supports of most people in developing states and most particularly in Africa in many ways. By 2020, between 75 and 250 million people are predicted to be exposed to increased H2O emphasis due to climate alteration. By 2020, outputs from rain-fed agribusiness in some states could be reduced by up to 50 per centum, increasing nutrient insecurity and hungriness. By 2080, an addition of 5 to 8 per centum of waterless and semi-arid land in Africa is projected. Climate alteration is likely to impact the distribution forms of infective diseases ; for illustration, there is likely to be an addition in mosquitoes which spread dandy fever and xanthous febrility. Sea degrees are projected to lift by around 25cm by 2050 ; Africa ‘s coastal countries are already sing environmental jobs including coastal eroding, deluging and remission. ( Said Kolawole et al 2009 ) . Alessandra Giannini, et Al, 2008, reviews the grounds that connects drouth and desertification in the Sahel with clime alteration past, present and future in the sub-region. Their survey concludes that there is a correlativity between the desertification and clime alteration in the Sahel part of Africa. The African Sahel provides the most dramatic illustration of multi-decadal clime variableness that has been quantitatively and straight measured. Annual rainfall across this part fell by between 20 and 30 per cent between the decennaries taking up to political independency for the Sahelian states ( 1930s to 1950s ) and the decennaries since ( 1970s to 1990s ) . Lindsay, et al 2009, farther throws more light on the impacts of clime alteration, drouth and desertification and how they are closely interlinked, and most acutely experienced by populations whose supports depend chiefly on natural resources. Their paper examines three interlinked drivers of version ; clime alteration, desertification and drouth, measuring the extent to which international and national policy supports local adaptative schemes. 2. Problem Statement The unimpeded growing of nursery gas emanations is raising the Earth ‘s temperature. The effects include runing glaciers, more precipitation, more and more utmost conditions events, and switching seasons. The speed uping gait of clime alteration, combined with planetary population and income growing, threatens nutrient security everyplace. Agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate alteration. Higher temperatures finally cut down outputs of desirable harvests while promoting weed and pest proliferation. Changes in precipitation forms increase the likeliness of short-term harvest failures and long-term production diminutions. Although there will be additions in some harvests in some parts of the universe, the overall impacts of clime alteration on agribusiness are expected to be negative, endangering planetary nutrient security. Populations in the underdeveloped universe, which are already vulnerable and nutrient insecure, are likely to be the most earnestly affected. In 2005, about half of the economically active population in developing countries-2.5 billion people-relied on agribusiness for its support. Today, 75 per centum of the universe ‘s hapless unrecorded in rural countries. ( Gerald C. et Al 2009 ) . Climate alteration issues require multiple stakeholders, planetary challenges and societal sustainability issues. This is because there are changing arguments on the causes, impacts of clime, version and extenuation issues when placing sustainable solutions on the subject. The presence of important uncertainnesss has led research workers to stress the analysis of regional and national effects ( Mendelsohn & A ; Dinar, 2004 ) . The issue of clime alteration is without uncertainty of import for developing states with an agricultural economic system and really hard to grok easy as it is multi- faceted in attack. The subject is really complex, multinational in nature and integrated in position and attack. The linkage of societal impact of clime alteration in the development states have non been good researched and most particularly in connexion with Sub Saharan Africa and non-Sub-Sahara Africa ( NSSA ) states. Climate Change has several support impacts in developing states as it reduces outputs, family incomes, wellness issues, environmental jobs and the exposure of the disadvantages in rural communities. 3. Hypothesis The socio-economic impact of clime alteration is much more likely to impact Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) than non-Sub-Sahara Africa ( NSSA ) states and socio-economic dimension of version severally. 4. Overall Aim To set about a comparative surveies on the socio-economic impact of clime alteration and their socio- economic dimensions of version in Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) and non-Sub-Sahara Africa ( NSSA ) states. 5. Empirical Research Questions 1. To reexamine literature on the socio-economic impacts of clime alteration in the development states. 2. To place the linkages between Sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) and non-Sub-Sahara Africa ( NSSA ) states in footings of clime alteration socio-economic impacts. 3. To analyze the socio-economic dimensions of version in these states, taking into history, pro-poor version, microfinance, safety cyberspace, new engineerings, index insurance and supports. 6. Theoretical and Conceptual Issues A significant sum of research has been conducted on the possible effects of clime on agricultural productiveness ( Parry, 1990 ; Leemans & A ; Solomon, 1993 ) . Some surveies have used clime induced alterations in harvest output to gauge possible planetary economic impacts ( Kane et al. , 1992 ) , while others have examined the indirect impact on economic variables such as farm gross and income ( Lang, 2001 ; Molua, 2003 ) . Schimmelpfennig et Al. ( 1996 ) present a simple taxonomy that classifies the method of analysis as either structural ( Adams et al. , 1990, 1995, 1998 ) or spacial parallel ( Darwin et al. , 1999 ; Kurukulasuriya & A ; Ajwad, 2007 ) . This survey would use some institutional economic sciences theories and the sustainable supports model analysis in making the comparative surveies. 7. Methodology The survey would do usage of quantitative and qualitative reappraisals of literature from secondary beginnings and informations already collected from the assorted parts and set about the comparative reappraisal and analysis. The survey would every bit good do usage of participatory rural assessment methods when sing the field for informations aggregation to acquire first manus information on the impacts of clime alteration and version in the assorted parts. Quantitative analysis and econometrics methods would be applied in this survey every bit good. Data analysis would every bit good be made with mention to the research jobs and aims. Data collected would be classified after the aggregation procedure and Statistical Package for the Social Science ( SPSS ) would be used to analyze all the informations collected in the field.

Android vs. iPhone OS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Android vs. iPhone OS - Essay Example Taking cue from Blackberry manufactures, RIM, Apple has adopted the closed operating system for its smartphones. The main advantage in doing so remains the compatibility of the software with the corresponding hardware. Knowing the hardware specifications, Apple’s engineers have the facility to modify the OS for getting maximum efficiency, in running the iPhone applications. With Blackberry manufactures being the only company that requires iPhones with closed OS, Apple does not need making extra efforts for meeting requirements from varied companies. However, the disadvantage for the closed system lies in the fact that the input is limited, which results in built-in memory card slots, leaving no option for a memory card slot available on the smartphone. Google has left an open option for collaborating with different companies and associates for making a smart phone, based on Android open OS. As the source is accessible to all, any one can make a smartphone, based on Android, without having to pay for any license fee. The software can also be modified to suit the need for making a particular type of smartphone. However, the open system involves extra effort and time, as it tries to meet varied requirements for samrtphones, with different screen sizes, processors, input methods and even the RAM. Hence, modification of the generic version of such OS will always remain a challenge. (Hardy, 2008) Android has an advantage of being closely linked to Google web services. Hence, Google contacts, emails and other services are synchronized with the phone applications. The web search applications are far better with Android than iPhone ‘iPhone’ OS has the interface that gives it advantage of having wide notification area, which is quite dynamic and has a better design. On the other hand, the first time user of Android may not be able to get to the phone ‘Apps’ easily. The widgets in Android give access to user for looking

The organizational culture for results Research Paper

The organizational culture for results - Research Paper Example The research revealed the existence of several cultures and subcultures in Widney Cabs Ltd that matched the theoretical models developed by both Schein in the three level of classification i.e. Assumptions, Values and Artefacts and Denison's classification that outlines four attributes namely: Involvement, Consistency, Adaptability and Mission. This study will evaluate and assess the different aspects of organizational culture that exist in Widney Cabs Ltd. The study examines these culture(s) and sub cultures in light of the relationship with models or classification from academic literature, existing knowledge and theories on organizational culture. Jacques (1951) defines organizational culture as the customary or traditional ways of thinking and doing things common to most members of an organization. There exists a significant level of formal knowledge on the subject of culture(s) and sub-cultures that exist in organizations and their effects on the organizational behaviour. Founders and leaders of organizations create these cultures, which are then developed and sustained by people. Organization's executives generate and impart the organization's ideals. They also promote the core values that convey inclination to certain behaviors or effects. Norms on the other hand express acceptable ways of achieving set goals. Studies have shown that the development of organizational culture requires interaction within the membership. (Louis, Posner, and Powell 1983). According to Schein (1985), there are three levels of culture,the basic being Assumptions that form the foundation of culture. Assumptions Espoused values Artefacts (Beliefs, thoughts) (Goals, strategies e.t.c) (Visible manifestations) Fig 1. These assumptions are unconscious beliefs, thoughts, perceptions, and feelings. Next to these are the espoused values that consist of goals, philosophies. Lastly are the artefacts, which are physical manifestations, which may not be obvious to a lay observer of organizational behaviour and process. Schein's model has had a wide acceptance and has in many ways allowed insight on culture. However the model raises some questions: Who is unconscious about these assumptions It is presumed that the researcher will be aware but not the organizational members. What happen to the presumption when the organizational members learn about the Assumptions It is important that leaders learn about the underlying links that hold artefacts; values and assumptions together so that they can better understand the usefulness of this model in creating positive organizational change. Research by John VanMaanan and Steven Barley (1984) shed some light on the nature of interactions. They found out that intera ction was "cognitive and behavioural". New personnel learn from the established workplace community the conventional occupational behaviours and practices that are acceptable across the board. In organizations

To ascertain the motivational factors for buying wine Essay

To ascertain the motivational factors for buying wine - Essay Example John Bruwer and Graham Wood (2005): Motivational and Behavioral Perspectives: Journal of Wine Research: Volume 16: ISSN 0957-1264, Online ISSN: 1469-9672: Rout ledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group. Nelson Barber, Barbara A Almanza and Janis Donovan (2006): Motivational Factors of gender, income and age on selecting a bottle of wine: International Journal of wine marketing: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 18 (3), pp.218-232. Olson, J. C and Jacoby, J (2002): Cue utilization in the Quality Perception Process: In Venkatesan Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference of the Association for Consumer Research, Chicago, pp. 167-179. Orth, U. R. & Krska, P. (2002) Quality Signals in Wine Marketing: The Role of Exhibition Awards, International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 4, pp.385-397. P.T.H Unwin (2000): Wine and the Vine: A Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade: Routlegde Publishers: (Pgs 352-409) Keith Grainger and Hazel Tattersall (2005): Wine Production: Vine Bottle: Wiley-Blackbell (Pgs 56-125) Jenster, P. and Cheng, Y. (2008) Dragon Wine: Developments in the Chinese Wine Industry, International Journal of Wine Business Research, 20 (3), pp.244-259. Stephen Charters (2006): Wine and Society; The Social and Cultural Context of a Drink: Butterworth-Heinemann (Pgs 135-140) Sun, H., Yu, Y, Goodman, S., Chen, S., and Ma, H. (2009): Chinese choices: a survey of wine consumers in Beijing, International Jo

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Literature review - Essay Example (Murdin and Errington 2005:56) A significant body of recent research has explored the processes associated with ruptures in the therapeutic alliance (Safran et al. 1990). In another, similar, piece of research, Hill et al. (1996) carried out a survey of counsellors concerning their experience of impasse in their work with clients. The findings of these studies are consistent with the view of Mearns (1994) that lack of therapeutic progress, or what he terms stuckness, is often associated with over- or under-involvement on the part of the counsellor. (McLeod 2003:335) This stuckness has also been often revealed as not so much the lack of apparent progress, but possibly a symptom of something else. Some therapist fell that it is an outcropping of anger and hurt emotions that often trigger the event. (Whelton and Greenberg 2004:117) This is something that the counsellor needs to put into perspective and it can often be the clinicians responsibly to find the cause for this anger and hurt. This mired down feeling is starting to wear on you. Stay with the stuck feeling for awhile and see what images come to mind. Whats the glue thats holding you and the client in place? Reflect on your discomfort with this ‘stuckness.’ What might this client be here to teach you? Just as a reality check, working with a chronically depressed client can be draining, and at times I have felt similarly tired and frustrated. (Pearson 2006) Maltreatment at an early age can also be the beginning of low self-esteem and could certainly be the early stages of a learned helplessness state from which it is perceived that is no apparent benefit in the given environment and therefore the client become stuck. This is the beginning of low self-esteem and poor self-concept. These assumptions and beliefs taken as fact over time create a situation of what

Equality for Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Equality for Animals - Essay Example In case of animals the mental or psychological aspect do not play much role. This differentiation has not been made because the animal equality is based mainly on physical torment aspect. He author mentions the point â€Å"not have interests because it cannot suffer† but here it is not clear as to what kind of interest he is talking of. The explanation provided in this context is ambiguous because talking of experiments on mice, it is essential in human interests. The author has not talked of conflict of interests or what decision should be taken when there is such a conflict. What interest can a mouse have in reducing human suffering? Similarly a man will have no interest in considering mouse’s suffering. This aspect has not been taken into consideration. 2E. The principle theme of this article is based on the concept of giving equal consideration to animals. The basic argument that Singer has mentioned in support of equal consideration of animals is the â€Å"princip le of equal consideration of interests† (Singer, 1979). This principle indicates that every living being deserves equal treatment irrespective of their kind, size or power. There are several sub-arguments in this article. The first one is that although some animals like those animals with thick skins have the capacity to feel lesser degree of physical pain than human. However, Singer argues that this cannot be the ground of giving unequal consideration to animals. Secondly, animals are used for scientific experiments because they lack the fear of anticipation and also because they are not considered in the same category as humans. Singer argues that since human infants and retarded humans cannot be used for experiments, so animals should also be prohibited from experimenting. Thirdly, Singer argues that people should refrain from eating flesh of animals as this not a necessity. By killing animals for food they right of living is violated to serve the minor interests of humans. Fourthly, animals lack reasoning and so they are less self-conscious than humans. However, Singer argues that degree of self-consciousness cannot undermine the importance of giving equal consideration of interests. The main conclusion of this article is that in spite of all the differences between animals and humans, there should be equal consideration of interests. The main reason for this conclusion is that animals have the capacity to feel pain and suffering and so they should be considered equal to human beings in spite of their low intellectual level. Another reason is that humans have no right to use animals for the purpose of pleasure. 3F. Main concepts: Animals Equal treatment Main Conceptual Question: Should animals be given equal treatment as humans? Animals Equal treatment - have less intellectual power - have capacity to feel pain - do not have the fear of anticipation - are consumed by humans as food - are kept in unfavourable conditions to be converted into food - are used for scientific experiments - eat each other - Darwinian theory gives humans right to kill animals for food - can use tools and communicate like humans - equal consideration of interests - suffering of all beings must be given equal consideration - humans infants and retarded humans are not considered to be of same category like animals - use of animals as food is not a necessity but is more a luxury - people should choose vegetarian way of life in order to maintain the